Fact Sheet: Near-Death Experience (NDE)

Written by: Janice Miner Holden, EdD; and Bruce Greyson, MD

(Download a PDF version - updated Oct. 2024)

In an NDE, usually during a close brush with death, a person has a vivid, emotionally intense experience of lucidly perceiving the material world from a position outside the physical body and/or perceiving and interacting with beings and environments not of the material world. Afterwards, experiencers are usually profoundly changed.

What forms do NDEs take?

NDEs typically include several features.

No two NDEs are identical, and the presence and intensity of each of the following features varies from one experiencer (NDEr) to another (adapted from https://med.virginia.edu/perceptual-studies/our-research/near-death-experiences-ndes/):

• feeling very comfortable and free of pain
• a sensation of leaving the physical body
• seeing the body and its surroundings from a position outside of the body—usually above it
• the mind functioning more clearly and more rapidly than usual
• rapid or instantaneous movement to other locations in the material world
• a sensation of being drawn into a tunnel or darkness
• a brilliant light, sometimes at the end of the tunnel
• a sense of overwhelming peace, well-being, or absolute, unconditional love
• a sense of having access to unlimited knowledge
• a “life review,” or recall of important events in the past—including actually being each person with whom the NDEr interacted in physical life, experiencing first-hand the effect their actions had on that person
• a preview of future events yet to come
• encounters with deceased loved ones, or with other beings that may be identified as spiritual or religious figures
• choosing to “return” to physical life or being told one must return
• a sensation of returning to the body

Although the majority of NDEs are dominated by pleasurable feelings such as peace, joy, and love, a minority are dominated by distressing feelings such as terror, horror, or guilt, and some NDEs include both pleasurable and distressing feelings.

Who has NDEs?

10-20% of people who survive a close brush with death report an NDE.

• An estimated 5% of the world population has had an NDE.
• NDEs are “equal opportunity experiences.” People of every demographic—age, sex, nationality, belief system, religious affiliation, etc.—have reported NDEs.
• NDE features do not vary based on the circumstances of the extreme situation or the demographics of the experiencer.
  • Even NDEs associated with suicide attempts contain similar features as those associated with natural illness or accidental injury—but because of certain aftereffects (see below), suicide survivors who had NDEs almost never attempt suicide again.

Are NDEs hallucinations?

Most factors indicate that NDEs are not hallucinations.

• Hallucinations tend to be distressing. Afterward, experiencers consider them unreal, meaningless, and easily forgotten, and they have no wish to reflect on them and show no particular aftereffects from them.
• Hallucinations are almost never veridical; that is, their contents almost never correspond to objective reality.
• NDEs tend to be profoundly pleasurable. Afterward, NDErs usually consider their NDEs to have been real and meaningful, and the memory of them tends to remain vivid and cherished for decades. NDErs usually have a strong desire to recall and reflect on their NDEs, and they typically show particular aftereffects from them. Many NDEs have been veridical (Rivas et al., 2023).

What are the effects on NDErs?

NDErs show certain characteristic aftereffects.

• In general, the deeper the NDE—the more features and more intense those features—the greater the aftereffects.
• In the short term, many NDErs feel instantly transformed by the experience and may feel challenged to integrate that transformation into their subsequent lives.
• In the long term, NDErs typically feel transformed in several ways, including but not limited to:
  • Psychological—loss of the fear of death and belief (“knowing”) in the survival of consciousness after physical death; increased appreciation for Earthly life and belief that it has purpose; reduced interest in material possessions, fame, and power; increased sense of connectedness to and concern for others; increased desire to be of service to others
  • Spiritual—increased interest in spirituality, tendency to leave organized religion—becoming more “spiritual but not religious”; having what, in some religious contexts, are termed “spiritual gifts,” such as precognition—knowing the future—and clairvoyance—seeing distant locations in “the mind’s eye”
  • Physical—changes in sleep and appetite, increased sensitivity to medication and to environmental factors such as pollution and electrical fields, electromagnetic effects whereby electronic devices in the NDEr’s vicinity malfunction
  • Social—changes in relationships, organizational affiliations, and vocation—often shifting to more service-oriented work. NDErs married at the time of their NDEs may be more likely than average to divorce.

Long-term transformation may, in some cases, take years. (Stout et al., 2006)

Suggestions:

Recommended resources include these books:

• Greyson, B. (2021). After: A doctor explores what near-death experiences reveal about life and beyond. St. Martin’s Essentials.
• Ring, K., & Valarino, E. E. (1998). Lessons from the light: What we can learn from the near-death experience. Insight Books.
• Holden, J. M., Greyson, B., & James, D. (Eds.). (2009). The handbook of near-death experiences: Thirty years of investigation. Praeger/ABC-CLIO.
• Coppes, R. C. (2023). Impressions of near-death experiences: Quotations from over 100 experiencers. IANDS.
• Bush, N. E. (2021). Reckoning: Discoveries after a traumatic near-death experience. Author.
• Rivas, T., Dirven, A., & Smit, R. H. (2023). The self does not die: Verified paranormal phenomena from near-death experiences (2nd ed.). IANDS.

And these websites:

• https://www.iands.org/
• https://www.nderf.org/

Watching NDErs describe their experiences and aftereffects can be especially impactful. Numerous accounts can be located online by entering the term “near-death experience” in your search engine. Another helpful resource:

• https://www.youtube.com/user/IANDSvideos/

Although NDEs are usually remembered vividly, journaling them can be beneficial. Consider adding yours to the collections at www.iands.org and www.nderf.org.

The information in this Fact Sheet is based primarily on the suggested readings listed above and numerous studies published in professional journals including the Journal of Near-Death Studies where articles about NDEs and related experiences from the past more than 40 years are available for free online: https://iands.org/research/publications/journal-of-near-death-studies/past-issues.html

Written by: Janice Miner Holden, EdD; and Bruce Greyson, MD

Copyright © 2024 International Association for Near-Death Studies with permission to reproduce for educational and/or healthcare purposes.

IANDS is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization as recognized by the Internal Revenue Service in the United States.

IANDS Fact Sheets

Published Fact sheets

NDE - Near-Death Experience Fact Sheet - page - PDF

ADC - After-Death Communication Fact Sheet - page - PDF

PLM - Past Life Memories Fact Sheet - page - PDF

SDE - Shared-Death Experience Fact Sheet - page - PDF

TL - Terminal Lucidity Fact Sheet - page - PDF

Fact Sheet: After-Death Communication (ADC)

Written by: Jenny Streit-Horn, PhD; Janice Miner Holden, EdD; Noelle St. Germain-Sehr, PhD; and Evelyn Elsaesser, PhD

(Download a PDF version)

After-death communication (ADC) is a spontaneous phenomenon in which a living person has a feeling or sense of direct contact with a physically deceased person or animal.

What forms do ADCs take?

ADC may occur as any of several types—alone or in combination.

In the following types, the ADCr’s perception may be either in the external physical environment or as internal mental imagery:

Fact Sheet: Terminal Lucidity (TL)

Written by: Norman Klaunig, MA, MBA, PhD Student, University of the Cumberlands

(Download a PDF version)

Terminal lucidity (TL) is a type of end-of-life experience (ELE) characterized by the “sudden return of mental clarity shortly before death” (Nahm, 2009).

What forms does TL take?

TL can take various forms..

TL implies that the person experiencing it (TL experiencer  [TLEr]) was, prior to the experience, either non-lucid or had limited ability to communicate, move, or otherwise indicate their lucidity. Such limitation in communication or movement could have resulted from a long-term, if not life-long, condition or might have developed as part of a more recent illness leading toward death.

TL often occurs close to the time of physical death. Even  though the exact timeframe is under debate, TLErs often  die within hours to a few weeks of the TL—which is  why this phenomenon is termed “terminal.”  

TLErs sometimes display abilities that they never had previously or that they had lost for a long time. A TLEr  who did not have one or more of the following functions  before the TL event might gain or regain them during the  event: 

• Communicate meaningfully, including the ability to  speak or speak more clearly and/or to write, draw, or  use sign language 
• Recognize people, and indicate that recognition or  connection verbally and/or non-verbally 
• Express an understanding of their circumstances—in  many cases, including awareness of their impending  death  
• Perform physical tasks such as holding hands, sitting  or getting up, and even walking 
• Sing or play a musical instrument